Spinal Tumours and Infections – Pathological Conditions of the Spine

Spinal tumours and infections are complex conditions that can affect both the structural integrity and neurological function of the spine. Prompt evaluation is essential to reduce the risk of long-term complications such as nerve damage or paralysis.

What Are Spinal Tumours and How Are They Treated?

Spinal tumors are abnormal growths which may be located within the spinal cord or around the bony column. These may be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). These growths can weaken the bone, causing pain due to instability from fractures. If allowed to grow, they may also surround and compress nerves to cause deficits such as weakness, numbness or even paralysis. Hence, early evaluation and treatment is of paramount importance.

Understanding Spinal Infections and Their Risks

Spinal infections occur when microbes contaminate the spinal cord, bones or surrounding tissues of the spine. They may arise from the bones (vertebral osteomyelitis), discs (discitis), or collect around the nerves (epidural abscess). Often, they are a result of spread via the bloodstream from other sources. When left untreated, these can lead to serious complications including paralysis and even death.

Recognising the Symptoms Early

Identifying the early signs of these conditions is critical for timely treatment and recovery.

Neurological Symptoms

• Pain due to the instability caused by weakening and fractures caused by these conditions
• Compression of nerve roots can result in pain, weakness and numbness in the upper limbs or even lower limbs may arise when nerves are severely constricted
• On occasion, this can even lead to permanent loss of bladder and bowel control

General (Constitutional) Symptoms

• These general symptoms herald a potential underlying pathological process:
• Unexplained loss of appetite and weight
• Changes in bladder and bowel habits
• Social habits of chronic alcoholism and smoking
• Night sweats, fevers, chills and rigors
• Background immunocompromised state (e.g. renal failure, chronic steroids)

How These Conditions Are Diagnosed

Once symptoms are identified, a thorough diagnosis is essential. Here’s what to expect during the evaluation.

Dr Mark Tan BH will conduct the following:

• Thorough clinical and medical history
• Complete neurological examination including the testing of individual nerves
• Complete physical examination to exclude sources

Depending on the results of the interview and physical examination, Dr Mark Tan BH may require further tests including:

• Blood tests
• Radiographs
• CT Scans
• MRI Scans

Conservative Treatment for Spinal Tumours and Infections

Multidisciplinary management is required for the treatment of pathological conditions.

Confirmation is first achieved via a biopsy. These samples are sent for microscopic examination and cultured for potential microbe growths.

Based on the results of these tests, the condition is managed with a team which may include the Oncologists or Infectious Disease Specialists to tailor medical treatment.

When Surgery Becomes Necessary?

Surgical treatment may be recommended when there is a:

• Severe pain and instability from fractures
• Severe compression of the nerves within the spinal canal
• Development of neurological symptoms such as weakness and numbness
• Progressive loss of dexterity and gait unsteadiness
• Failure of conservative management

Surgical treatment is customized to your condition. It is dependent on the extent and location of involvement.

Getting Spinal Tumour or Infection Care in Singapore

Spinal tumours and infections require prompt, specialised care. In Singapore, early diagnosis and comprehensive treatment can lead to significantly better outcomes and fewer complications.

If you are experiencing symptoms or have concerns about your spinal health, book a consultation with spine specialist Dr Mark Tan BH for a detailed evaluation and personalised care.